600 Ìõ×îÇ¿ Linux ÏÂÁî×ܽá
½ñÌ죬´øÀ´Ò»Æª Linux ÏÂÁî×ܽáµÄºÜÊÇÈ«µÄÎÄÕ£¬Ò²ÊÇÎÒÃÇƽʱÊÆÇéÖÐʹÓÃÂʺÜÊǸߵIJÙ×÷ÏÂÁÏÂÁîÓеã¶à£¬½¨ÒéСͬ°éÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÏÈÕä²ØºóÔĶÁ¡£
1. »ù±¾ÏÂÁî
uname -m ÏÔʾ»úеµÄ´¦ÀíÆ÷¼Ü¹¹ uname -r ÏÔʾÕýÔÚʹÓõÄÄں˰汾 dmidecode -q ÏÔʾӲ¼þϵͳ²¿¼þ (SMBIOS / DMI) hdparm -i /dev/hda ö¾ÙÒ»¸ö´ÅÅ̵ļܹ¹ÌØÕ÷ hdparm -tT /dev/sda ÔÚ´ÅÅÌÉÏÖ´ÐвâÊÔÐÔ¶ÁÈ¡²Ù×÷ϵͳÐÅÏ¢ arch ÏÔʾ»úеµÄ´¦ÀíÆ÷¼Ü¹¹ uname -m ÏÔʾ»úеµÄ´¦ÀíÆ÷¼Ü¹¹ uname -r ÏÔʾÕýÔÚʹÓõÄÄں˰汾 dmidecode -q ÏÔʾӲ¼þϵͳ²¿¼þ - (SMBIOS / DMI) hdparm -i /dev/hda ö¾ÙÒ»¸ö´ÅÅ̵ļܹ¹ÌØÕ÷ hdparm -tT /dev/sda ÔÚ´ÅÅÌÉÏÖ´ÐвâÊÔÐÔ¶ÁÈ¡²Ù×÷ cat /proc/cpuinfo ÏÔʾCPU infoµÄÐÅÏ¢ cat /proc/interrupts ÏÔʾÖÐÖ¹ cat /proc/meminfo УÑéÄÚ´æʹÓà cat /proc/swaps ÏÔʾÄÄЩswap±»Ê¹Óà cat /proc/version ÏÔʾÄں˵İ汾 cat /proc/net/dev ÏÔʾÍøÂçÊÊÅäÆ÷¼°Í³¼Æ cat /proc/mounts ÏÔʾÒѼÓÔصÄÎļþϵͳ lspci -tv ö¾Ù PCI ×°±¸ lsusb -tv ÏÔʾ USB ×°±¸ date ÏÔʾϵͳÈÕÆÚ cal 2007 ÏÔʾ2007ÄêµÄÈÕÀú±í date 041217002007.00 ÉèÖÃÈÕÆÚºÍʱ¼ä - ÔÂÈÕʱ·ÖÄê.Ãë clock -w ½«Ê±¼äÐÞ¸ÄÉúÑĵ½ BIOS
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2. ¹Ø»ú
shutdown -h now ¹Ø±Õϵͳ(1) init 0 ¹Ø±Õϵͳ(2) telinit 0 ¹Ø±Õϵͳ(3) shutdown -h hours:minutes & °´Ô¤×¼Ê±¼ä¹Ø±Õϵͳ shutdown -c ×÷·Ï°´Ô¤×¼Ê±¼ä¹Ø±Õϵͳ shutdown -r now ÖØÆô(1) reboot ÖØÆô(2) logout ×¢Ïú
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3. ÎļþºÍĿ¼
cd /home ½øÈë '/ home' Ŀ¼' cd .. ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»¼¶Ä¿Â¼ cd ../.. ·µ»ØÉÏÁ½¼¶Ä¿Â¼ cd ½øÈëСÎÒ˽È˵ÄÖ÷Ŀ¼ cd ~user1 ½øÈëСÎÒ˽È˵ÄÖ÷Ŀ¼ cd - ·µ»ØÉÏ´ÎËùÔÚµÄĿ¼ pwd ÏÔʾÊÂÇé·¾¶ ls Éó²éĿ¼ÖеÄÎļþ ls -F Éó²éĿ¼ÖеÄÎļþ ls -l ÏÔʾÎļþºÍĿ¼µÄÏêϸ×ÊÁÏ ls -a ÏÔʾÒþ²ØÎļþ ls *[0-9]* ÏÔʾ°üÀ¨Êý×ÖµÄÎļþÃûºÍĿ¼Ãû tree ÏÔʾÎļþºÍĿ¼ÓɸùĿ¼×îÏȵÄÊ÷Ðνṹ(1) lstree ÏÔʾÎļþºÍĿ¼ÓɸùĿ¼×îÏȵÄÊ÷Ðνṹ(2) mkdir dir1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸ö½Ð×ö 'dir1' µÄĿ¼' mkdir dir1 dir2 ͬʱ½¨ÉèÁ½¸öĿ¼ mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸öĿ¼Ê÷ rm -f file1 ɾ³ýÒ»¸ö½Ð×ö 'file1' µÄÎļþ' rmdir dir1 ɾ³ýÒ»¸ö½Ð×ö 'dir1' µÄĿ¼' rm -rf dir1 ɾ³ýÒ»¸ö½Ð×ö 'dir1' µÄĿ¼²¢Í¬Ê±É¾³ýÆäÄÚÈÝ rm -rf dir1 dir2 ͬʱɾ³ýÁ½¸öĿ¼¼°ËüÃǵÄÄÚÈÝ mv dir1 new_dir ÖØÃüÃû/Òƶ¯ Ò»¸öĿ¼ cp file1 file2 ¸´ÖÆÒ»¸öÎļþ cp dir/* . ¸´ÖÆÒ»¸öĿ¼ÏµÄËùÓÐÎļþµ½Ä¿½ñÊÂÇéĿ¼ cp -a /tmp/dir1 . ¸´ÖÆÒ»¸öĿ¼µ½Ä¿½ñÊÂÇéĿ¼ cp -a dir1 dir2 ¸´ÖÆÒ»¸öĿ¼ ln -s file1 lnk1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸öÖ¸ÏòÎļþ»òĿ¼µÄÈíÁ´½Ó ln file1 lnk1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸öÖ¸ÏòÎļþ»òĿ¼µÄÎïÀíÁ´½Ó touch -t 0712250000 file1 ÐÞ¸ÄÒ»¸öÎļþ»òĿ¼µÄʱ¼ä´Á - (YYMMDDhhmm) file file1 outputs the mime type of the file as text iconv -l ÁгöÒÑÖªµÄ±àÂë iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > outputFile creates a new from the given input file by assuming it is encoded in fromEncoding and converting it to toEncoding. find . -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert "{}" -resize 80x60 "thumbs/{}" \; batch resize files in the current directory and send them to a thumbnails directory (requires convert from Imagemagick)
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4. ÎļþËÑË÷
find / -name file1 ´Ó '/' ×îÏȽøÈë¸ùÎļþϵͳËÑË÷ÎļþºÍĿ¼ find / -user user1 ËÑË÷ÊôÓÚÓû§ 'user1' µÄÎļþºÍĿ¼ find /home/user1 -name \*.bin ÔÚĿ¼ '/ home/user1' ÖÐËÑË÷´øÓÐ'.bin' ×îºóµÄÎļþ find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 ËÑË÷ÔÚÒÑÍù100ÌìÄÚδ±»Ê¹ÓùýµÄÖ´ÐÐÎļþ find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 ËÑË÷ÔÚ10ÌìÄÚ±»½¨Éè»òÕßÐ޻ڸĵÄÎļþ find / -name \*.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \; ËÑË÷ÒÔ '.rpm' ×îºóµÄÎļþ²¢½ç˵ÆäȨÏÞ find / -xdev -name \*.rpm ËÑË÷ÒÔ '.rpm' ×îºóµÄÎļþ£¬ºöÂÔ¹âÇý¡¢½ÝÅ̵ȿÉÒƶ¯×°±¸ locate \*.ps Ñ°ÕÒÒÔ '.ps' ×îºóµÄÎļþ - ÏÈÔËÐÐ 'updatedb' ÏÂÁî whereis halt ÏÔʾһ¸ö¶þ½øÖÆÎļþ¡¢Ô´Âë»òmanµÄλÖà which halt ÏÔʾһ¸ö¶þ½øÖÆÎļþ»ò¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþµÄÍêÕû·¾¶
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5. ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸öÎļþϵͳ
mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸ö½Ð×öhda2µÄÅÌ - È·¶¨Ä¿Â¼ '/ mnt/hda2' ÒѾ±£´æ umount /dev/hda2 жÔØÒ»¸ö½Ð×öhda2µÄÅÌ - ÏÈ´Ó¹ÒÔصã '/ mnt/hda2' Í˳ö fuser -km /mnt/hda2 µ±×°±¸Ã¦ÂµÊ±Ç¿ÖÆжÔØ umount -n /mnt/hda2 ÔËÐÐжÔزÙ×÷¶ø²»Ð´Èë /etc/mtab Îļþ- µ±ÎļþΪֻ¶Á»òµ±´ÅÅÌдÂúʱºÜÊÇÓÐÓà mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸öÈíÅÌ mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸öcdrom»òdvdrom mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸öcdrw»òdvdrom mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸öcdrw»òdvdrom mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸öÎļþ»òISO¾µÏñÎļþ mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸öWindows FAT32Îļþϵͳ mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸öusb ½ÝÅÌ»òÉÁ´æ×°±¸ mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸öwindowsÍøÂç¹²Ïí
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6. ´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼ä
df -h ÏÔʾÒѾ¹ÒÔصķÖÇøÁбí ls -lSr |more ÒԳߴç¾ÞϸÅÅÁÐÎļþºÍĿ¼ du -sh dir1 ¹ÀËãĿ¼ 'dir1' ÒѾʹÓõĴÅÅÌ¿Õ¼ä' du -sk * | sort -rn ÒÔÈÝÁ¿¾ÞϸΪÒÀ¾ÝÒÀ´ÎÏÔʾÎļþºÍĿ¼µÄ¾Þϸ rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n' | sort -k1,1n ÒÔ¾ÞϸΪÒÀ¾ÝÒÀ´ÎÏÔʾÒÑ×°ÖõÄrpm°üËùʹÓõĿռä (fedora, redhatÀàϵͳ) dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n' | sort -k1,1n ÒÔ¾ÞϸΪÒÀ¾ÝÏÔʾÒÑ×°ÖõÄdeb°üËùʹÓõĿռä (ubuntu, debianÀàϵͳ)
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7. Óû§ºÍȺ×é
groupadd group_name ½¨ÉèÒ»¸öÐÂÓû§×é groupdel group_name ɾ³ýÒ»¸öÓû§×é groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name ÖØÃüÃûÒ»¸öÓû§×é useradd -c "Name Surname " -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸öÊôÓÚ "admin" Óû§×éµÄÓû§ useradd user1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸öÐÂÓû§ userdel -r user1 ɾ³ýÒ»¸öÓû§ ( '-r' ɨ³ýÖ÷Ŀ¼) usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 ÐÞ¸ÄÓû§ÊôÐÔ passwd Ð޸ĿÚÁî passwd user1 ÐÞ¸ÄÒ»¸öÓû§µÄ¿ÚÁî (Ö»ÔÊÐírootÖ´ÐÐ) chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 ÉèÖÃÓû§¿ÚÁîµÄʧЧÏÞÆÚ pwck ¼ì²é '/etc/passwd' µÄÎļþÃûÌúÍÓï·¨ÐÞÕýÒÔ¼°±£´æµÄÓû§ grpck ¼ì²é '/etc/passwd' µÄÎļþÃûÌúÍÓï·¨ÐÞÕýÒÔ¼°±£´æµÄȺ×é newgrp group_name ÉÏ°¶½øÒ»¸öеÄȺ×éÒԸıäн¨ÉèÎļþµÄÔ¤ÉèȺ×é
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8. ÎļþµÄȨÏÞ Ê¹Óà ¡°+¡± ÉèÖÃȨÏÞ£¬Ê¹Óà ¡°-¡± ÓÃÓÚ×÷·Ï
ls -lh ÏÔʾȨÏÞ ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS ½«Öն˻®·Ö³É5À¸ÏÔʾ chmod ugo+rwx directory1 ÉèÖÃĿ¼µÄËùÓÐÈË(u)¡¢Èº×é(g)ÒÔ¼°ÆäËûÈË(o)ÒÔ¶Á£¨r £©¡¢Ð´(w)ºÍÖ´ÐÐ(x)µÄȨÏÞ chmod go-rwx directory1 ɾ³ýȺ×é(g)ÓëÆäËûÈË(o)¶ÔĿ¼µÄ¶ÁдִÐÐȨÏÞ chown user1 file1 ¸Ä±äÒ»¸öÎļþµÄËùÓÐÈËÊôÐÔ chown -R user1 directory1 ¸Ä±äÒ»¸öĿ¼µÄËùÓÐÈËÊôÐÔ²¢Í¬Ê±¸Ä±ä¸ÄĿ¼ÏÂËùÓÐÎļþµÄÊôÐÔ chgrp group1 file1 ¸Ä±äÎļþµÄȺ×é chown user1:group1 file1 ¸Ä±äÒ»¸öÎļþµÄËùÓÐÈ˺ÍȺ×éÊôÐÔ find / -perm -u+s ö¾ÙÒ»¸öϵͳÖÐËùÓÐʹÓÃÁËSUID¿ØÖƵÄÎļþ chmod u+s /bin/file1 ÉèÖÃÒ»¸ö¶þ½øÖÆÎļþµÄ SUID λ - ÔËÐиÃÎļþµÄÓû§Ò²±»¸¶ÓëºÍËùÓÐÕßͬÑùµÄȨÏÞ chmod u-s /bin/file1 ½ûÓÃÒ»¸ö¶þ½øÖÆÎļþµÄ SUIDλ chmod g+s /home/public ÉèÖÃÒ»¸öĿ¼µÄSGID λ - ÀàËÆSUID £¬²»¹ýÕâÊÇÕë¶ÔĿ¼µÄ chmod g-s /home/public ½ûÓÃÒ»¸öĿ¼µÄ SGID λ chmod o+t /home/public ÉèÖÃÒ»¸öÎļþµÄ STIKY λ - Ö»ÔÊÐíÕýµ±ËùÓÐÈËɾ³ýÎļþ chmod o-t /home/public ½ûÓÃÒ»¸öĿ¼µÄ STIKY λ chmod +x Îļþ·¾¶ ΪËùÓÐÕß¡¢ËùÊô×éºÍÆäËûÓû§Ìí¼ÓÖ´ÐеÄȨÏÞ chmod -x Îļþ·¾¶ ΪËùÓÐÕß¡¢ËùÊô×éºÍÆäËûÓû§É¾³ýÖ´ÐеÄȨÏÞ chmod u+x Îļþ·¾¶ ΪËùÓÐÕßÌí¼ÓÖ´ÐеÄȨÏÞ chmod g+x Îļþ·¾¶ ΪËùÊô×éÌí¼ÓÖ´ÐеÄȨÏÞ chmod o+x Îļþ·¾¶ ΪÆäËûÓû§Ìí¼ÓÖ´ÐеÄȨÏÞ chmod ug+x Îļþ·¾¶ ΪËùÓÐÕß¡¢ËùÊô×éÌí¼ÓÖ´ÐеÄȨÏÞ chmod =wx Îļþ·¾¶ ΪËùÓÐÕß¡¢ËùÊô×éºÍÆäËûÓû§Ìí¼Óд¡¢Ö´ÐеÄȨÏÞ£¬×÷·Ï¶ÁȨÏÞ chmod ug=wx Îļþ·¾¶ ΪËùÓÐÕß¡¢ËùÊô×éÌí¼Óд¡¢Ö´ÐеÄȨÏÞ£¬×÷·Ï¶ÁȨÏÞ
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9. ÎļþµÄÌØÊâÊôÐÔ £¬Ê¹Óà ¡°+¡± ÉèÖÃȨÏÞ£¬Ê¹Óà ¡°-¡± ÓÃÓÚ×÷·Ï
chattr +a file1 Ö»ÔÊÐíÒÔ×·¼Ó·½·¨¶ÁдÎļþ chattr +c file1 ÔÊÐíÕâ¸öÎļþÄܱ»ÄÚºË×Ô¶¯Ñ¹Ëõ/½âѹ chattr +d file1 ÔÚ¾ÙÐÐÎļþϵͳ±¸·Ýʱ£¬dump³ÌÐò½«ºöÂÔÕâ¸öÎļþ chattr +i file1 ÉèÖóɲ»¿É±äµÄÎļþ£¬²»¿É±»É¾³ý¡¢Ð޸ġ¢ÖØÃüÃû»òÕßÁ´½Ó chattr +s file1 ÔÊÐíÒ»¸öÎļþ±»Çå¾²µØɾ³ý chattr +S file1 Ò»µ©Ó¦ÓóÌÐò¶ÔÕâ¸öÎļþÖ´ÐÐÁËд²Ù×÷£¬Ê¹Ï½µµÍ¢¿Ì°ÑÐ޸ĵÄЧ¹ûдµ½´ÅÅÌ chattr +u file1 ÈôÎļþ±»É¾³ý£¬ÏµÍ³»áÔÊÐíÄãÔÚÒÔºó»Ö¸´Õâ¸ö±»É¾³ýµÄÎļþ lsattr ÏÔʾÌØÊâµÄÊôÐÔ
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10. ´ò°üºÍѹËõÎļþ
bunzip2 file1.bz2 ½âѹһ¸ö½Ð×ö 'file1.bz2'µÄÎļþ bzip2 file1 ѹËõÒ»¸ö½Ð×ö 'file1' µÄÎļþ gunzip file1.gz ½âѹһ¸ö½Ð×ö 'file1.gz'µÄÎļþ gzip file1 ѹËõÒ»¸ö½Ð×ö 'file1'µÄÎļþ gzip -9 file1 ×îºéÁ÷ƽѹËõ rar a file1.rar test_file ½¨ÉèÒ»¸ö½Ð×ö 'file1.rar' µÄ°ü rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 ͬʱѹËõ 'file1', 'file2' ÒÔ¼°Ä¿Â¼ 'dir1' rar x file1.rar ½âѹrar°ü unrar x file1.rar ½âѹrar°ü tar -cvf archive.tar file1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸ö·ÇѹËõµÄ tarball tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸ö°üÀ¨ÁË 'file1', 'file2' ÒÔ¼° 'dir1'µÄµµ°¸Îļþ tar -tf archive.tar ÏÔʾһ¸ö°üÖеÄÄÚÈÝ tar -xvf archive.tar ÊÍ·ÅÒ»¸ö°ü tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp ½«Ñ¹Ëõ°üÊͷŵ½ /tmpĿ¼Ï tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸öbzip2ÃûÌõÄѹËõ°ü tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2 ½âѹһ¸öbzip2ÃûÌõÄѹËõ°ü tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸ögzipÃûÌõÄѹËõ°ü tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz ½âѹһ¸ögzipÃûÌõÄѹËõ°ü zip file1.zip file1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸özipÃûÌõÄѹËõ°ü zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 ½«¼¸¸öÎļþºÍĿ¼ͬʱѹËõ³ÉÒ»¸özipÃûÌõÄѹËõ°ü unzip file1.zip ½âѹһ¸özipÃûÌÃѹËõ°ü
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11. RPM °ü
rpm -ivh package.rpm ×°ÖÃÒ»¸örpm°ü rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm ×°ÖÃÒ»¸örpm°ü¶øºöÂÔÒÀÀµ¹ØϵÖÒÑÔ rpm -U package.rpm ¸üÐÂÒ»¸örpm°üµ«²»¸Ä±äÆäÉèÖÃÎļþ rpm -F package.rpm ¸üÐÂÒ»¸öÈ·¶¨ÒѾװÖõÄrpm°ü rpm -e package_name.rpm ɾ³ýÒ»¸örpm°ü rpm -qa ÏÔʾϵͳÖÐËùÓÐÒѾװÖõÄrpm°ü rpm -qa | grep httpd ÏÔʾËùÖøÃû³ÆÖаüÀ¨ "httpd" ×ÖÑùµÄrpm°ü rpm -qi package_name »ñÈ¡Ò»¸öÒÑ×°ÖðüµÄÌØÊâÐÅÏ¢ rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons" ÏÔʾһ¸ö×é¼þµÄrpm°ü rpm -ql package_name ÏÔʾһ¸öÒѾװÖõÄrpm°üÌṩµÄÎļþÁбí rpm -qc package_name ÏÔʾһ¸öÒѾװÖõÄrpm°üÌṩµÄÉèÖÃÎļþÁбí rpm -q package_name --whatrequires ÏÔʾÓëÒ»¸örpm°ü±£´æÒÀÀµ¹ØϵµÄÁбí rpm -q package_name --whatprovides ÏÔʾһ¸örpm°üËùÕ¼µÄÌå»ý rpm -q package_name --scripts ÏÔʾÔÚ×°ÖÃ/ɾ³ýʱ´úËùÖ´Ðеľ籾l rpm -q package_name --changelog ÏÔʾһ¸örpm°üµÄÐÞ¸ÄÀúÊ· rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf È·ÈÏËù¸øµÄÎļþÓÉÄĸörpm°üËùÌṩ rpm -qp package.rpm -l ÏÔʾÓÉÒ»¸öÉÐδװÖõÄrpm°üÌṩµÄÎļþÁбí rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY µ¼È빫ԿÊý×ÖÖ¤Êé rpm --checksig package.rpm È·ÈÏÒ»¸örpm°üµÄÍêÕûÐÔ rpm -qa gpg-pubkey È·ÈÏÒÑ×°ÖõÄËùÓÐrpm°üµÄÍêÕûÐÔ rpm -V package_name ¼ì²éÎļþ³ß´ç¡¢ ÔÊÐí¡¢ÀàÐÍ¡¢ËùÓÐÕß¡¢Èº×é¡¢MD5¼ì²éÒÔ¼°×îºóÐÞ¸Äʱ¼ä rpm -Va ¼ì²éϵͳÖÐËùÓÐÒÑ×°ÖõÄrpm°ü- СÐÄʹÓà rpm -Vp package.rpm È·ÈÏÒ»¸örpm°ü»¹Î´×°Öà rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin* ´ÓÒ»¸örpm°üÔËÐпÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm ´ÓÒ»¸örpmÔ´Âë×°ÖÃÒ»¸ö¹¹½¨ºÃµÄ°ü rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm ´ÓÒ»¸örpmÔ´Âë¹¹½¨Ò»¸ö rpm °ü
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12. YUM Èí¼þ°üÉý¼¶Æ÷
yum install package_name ÏÂÔز¢×°ÖÃÒ»¸örpm°ü yum localinstall package_name.rpm ½«×°ÖÃÒ»¸örpm°ü£¬Ê¹ÓÃÄã×Ô¼ºµÄÈí¼þ¿ÍջΪÄã½â¾öËùÓÐÒÀÀµ¹Øϵ yum update package_name.rpm ¸üÐÂÄ¿½ñϵͳÖÐËùÓÐ×°ÖõÄrpm°ü yum update package_name ¸üÐÂÒ»¸örpm°ü yum remove package_name ɾ³ýÒ»¸örpm°ü yum list ÁгöÄ¿½ñϵͳÖÐ×°ÖõÄËùÓаü yum search package_name ÔÚrpm¿ÍÕ»ÖÐÕ÷²ÉÈí¼þ°ü yum clean packages ÕûÀírpm»º´æɾ³ýÏÂÔصİü yum clean headers ɾ³ýËùÓÐÍ·Îļþ yum clean all ɾ³ýËùÓлº´æµÄ°üºÍÍ·Îļþ
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13. deb °ü
dpkg -i package.deb ×°ÖÃ/¸üÐÂÒ»¸ö deb °ü dpkg -r package_name ´Óϵͳɾ³ýÒ»¸ö deb °ü dpkg -l ÏÔʾϵͳÖÐËùÓÐÒѾװÖÃµÄ deb °ü dpkg -l | grep httpd ÏÔʾËùÖøÃû³ÆÖаüÀ¨ "httpd" ×ÖÑùµÄdeb°ü dpkg -s package_name »ñµÃÒѾװÖÃÔÚϵͳÖÐÒ»¸öÌØÊâ°üµÄÐÅÏ¢ dpkg -L package_name ÏÔʾϵͳÖÐÒѾװÖõÄÒ»¸ödeb°üËùÌṩµÄÎļþÁбí dpkg --contents package.deb ÏÔʾÉÐδװÖõÄÒ»¸ö°üËùÌṩµÄÎļþÁбí dpkg -S /bin/ping È·ÈÏËù¸øµÄÎļþÓÉÄĸödeb°üÌṩ APT Èí¼þ¹¤¾ß (Debian, Ubuntu ÒÔ¼°ÀàËÆϵͳ) apt-get install package_name ×°ÖÃ/¸üÐÂÒ»¸ö deb °ü apt-cdrom install package_name ´Ó¹âÅÌ×°ÖÃ/¸üÐÂÒ»¸ö deb °ü apt-get update Éý¼¶ÁбíÖеÄÈí¼þ°ü apt-get upgrade Éý¼¶ËùÓÐÒÑ×°ÖõÄÈí¼þ apt-get remove package_name ´Óϵͳɾ³ýÒ»¸ödeb°ü apt-get check È·ÈÏÒÀÀµµÄÈí¼þ¿Íջ׼ȷ apt-get clean ´ÓÏÂÔصÄÈí¼þ°üÖÐÕûÀí»º´æ apt-cache search searched-package ·µ»Ø°üÀ¨ËùÒªËÑË÷×Ö·û´®µÄÈí¼þ°üÃû³Æ
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14. Éó²éÎļþÄÚÈÝ
cat file1 ´ÓµÚÒ»¸ö×Ö½Ú×îÏÈÕýÏòÉó²éÎļþµÄÄÚÈÝ tac file1 ´Ó×îºóÒ»ÐÐ×îÏÈ·´ÏòÉó²éÒ»¸öÎļþµÄÄÚÈÝ more file1 Éó²éÒ»¸ö³¤ÎļþµÄÄÚÈÝ less file1 ÀàËÆÓÚ 'more' ÏÂÁ¿ÉÊÇËüÔÊÐíÔÚÎļþÖкÍÕýÏò²Ù×÷Ò»ÑùµÄ·´Ïò²Ù×÷ head -2 file1 Éó²éÒ»¸öÎļþµÄÇ°Á½ÐÐ tail -2 file1 Éó²éÒ»¸öÎļþµÄ×îºóÁ½ÐÐ tail -f /var/log/messages ʵʱÉó²é±»Ìí¼Óµ½Ò»¸öÎļþÖеÄÄÚÈÝ
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15. Îı¾´¦Àí
cat file1 file2 ... | command file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt general syntax for text manipulation using PIPE, STDIN and STDOUT cat file1 | command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) > result.txt ºÏ²¢Ò»¸öÎļþµÄÏêϸ˵Ã÷Îı¾£¬²¢½«¼ò½éдÈëÒ»¸öÐÂÎļþÖÐ cat file1 | command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) >> result.txt ºÏ²¢Ò»¸öÎļþµÄÏêϸ˵Ã÷Îı¾£¬²¢½«¼ò½éдÈëÒ»¸öÒÑÓеÄÎļþÖÐ grep Aug /var/log/messages ÔÚÎļþ '/var/log/messages'ÖвéÕÒÒªº¦´Ê"Aug" grep ^Aug /var/log/messages ÔÚÎļþ '/var/log/messages'ÖвéÕÒÒÔ"Aug"×îÏȵĴʻã grep [0-9] /var/log/messages Ñ¡Ôñ '/var/log/messages' ÎļþÖÐËùÓаüÀ¨Êý×ÖµÄÐÐ grep Aug -R /var/log/* ÔÚĿ¼ '/var/log' ¼°ËæºóµÄĿ¼ÖÐËÑË÷×Ö·û´®"Aug" sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt ½«example.txtÎļþÖÐµÄ "string1" Ìæ»»³É "string2" sed '/^$/d' example.txt ´Óexample.txtÎļþÖÐɾ³ýËùÓпÕȱÐÐ sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txt ´Óexample.txtÎļþÖÐɾ³ýËùÓÐ×¢ÊͺͿÕȱÐÐ echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' ºÏ²¢ÉÏϵ¥Î»¸ñÄÚÈÝ sed -e '1d' result.txt ´ÓÎļþexample.txt ÖÐɨ³ýµÚÒ»ÐÐ sed -n '/stringa1/p' Éó²éÖ»°üÀ¨´Ê»ã "string1"µÄÐÐ sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt ɾ³ýÿһÐÐ×îºóµÄ¿Õȱ×Ö·û sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt ´ÓÎĵµÖÐֻɾ³ý´Ê»ã "string1" ²¢±£´æÊ£ÓàËùÓÐ sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt Éó²é´ÓµÚÒ»Ðе½µÚ5ÐÐÄÚÈÝ sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt Éó²éµÚ5ÐÐ sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt Óõ¥¸öÁãÌæ»»¶à¸öÁã cat -n file1 ±êʾÎļþµÄÐÐÊý cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' ɾ³ýexample.txtÎļþÖеÄËùÓÐżÊýÐÐ echo a b c | awk '{print $1}' Éó²éÒ»ÐеÚÒ»À¸ echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}' Éó²éÒ»ÐеĵÚÒ»ºÍµÚÈýÀ¸ paste file1 file2 ºÏ²¢Á½¸öÎļþ»òÁ½À¸µÄÄÚÈÝ paste -d '+' file1 file2 ºÏ²¢Á½¸öÎļþ»òÁ½À¸µÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÖÐÑëÓÃ"+"Çø·Ö sort file1 file2 ÅÅÐòÁ½¸öÎļþµÄÄÚÈÝ sort file1 file2 | uniq È¡³öÁ½¸öÎļþµÄ²¢¼¯(Öظ´µÄÐÐÖ»±£´æÒ»·Ý) sort file1 file2 | uniq -u ɾ³ý½»¼¯£¬ÁôÏÂÆäËûµÄÐÐ sort file1 file2 | uniq -d È¡³öÁ½¸öÎļþµÄ½»¼¯(Ö»ÁôÏÂͬʱ±£´æÓÚÁ½¸öÎļþÖеÄÎļþ) comm -1 file1 file2 ½ÏÁ¿Á½¸öÎļþµÄÄÚÈÝֻɾ³ý 'file1' Ëù°üÀ¨µÄÄÚÈÝ comm -2 file1 file2 ½ÏÁ¿Á½¸öÎļþµÄÄÚÈÝֻɾ³ý 'file2' Ëù°üÀ¨µÄÄÚÈÝ comm -3 file1 file2 ½ÏÁ¿Á½¸öÎļþµÄÄÚÈÝֻɾ³ýÁ½¸öÎļþ¹²ÓеIJ¿·Ö
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16. ×Ö·ûÉèÖúÍÎļþÃûÌÃת»»
dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt ½«Ò»¸öÎı¾ÎļþµÄÃûÌôÓMSDOSת»»³ÉUNIX unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt ½«Ò»¸öÎı¾ÎļþµÄÃûÌôÓUNIXת»»³ÉMSDOS recode ..HTML page.html ½«Ò»¸öÎı¾Îļþת»»³Éhtml recode -l | more ÏÔʾËùÓÐÔÊÐíµÄת»»ÃûÌÃ
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17. ÎļþϵͳÆÊÎö
Å£±Æ°¡£¡½Ó˽»î±Ø±¸µÄ N ¸ö¿ªÔ´ÏîÄ¿£¡¸ÏæÕä²Ø
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badblocks -v /dev/hda1 ¼ì²é´ÅÅÌhda1ÉϵĻµ´Å¿é fsck /dev/hda1 ÐÞ¸´/¼ì²éhda1´ÅÅÌÉÏlinuxÎļþϵͳµÄÍêÕûÐÔ fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1 ÐÞ¸´/¼ì²éhda1´ÅÅÌÉÏext2ÎļþϵͳµÄÍêÕûÐÔ e2fsck /dev/hda1 ÐÞ¸´/¼ì²éhda1´ÅÅÌÉÏext2ÎļþϵͳµÄÍêÕûÐÔ e2fsck -j /dev/hda1 ÐÞ¸´/¼ì²éhda1´ÅÅÌÉÏext3ÎļþϵͳµÄÍêÕûÐÔ fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1 ÐÞ¸´/¼ì²éhda1´ÅÅÌÉÏext3ÎļþϵͳµÄÍêÕûÐÔ fsck.vfat /dev/hda1 ÐÞ¸´/¼ì²éhda1´ÅÅÌÉÏfatÎļþϵͳµÄÍêÕûÐÔ fsck.msdos /dev/hda1 ÐÞ¸´/¼ì²éhda1´ÅÅÌÉÏdosÎļþϵͳµÄÍêÕûÐÔ dosfsck /dev/hda1 ÐÞ¸´/¼ì²éhda1´ÅÅÌÉÏdosÎļþϵͳµÄÍêÕûÐÔ
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18. ³õʼ»¯Ò»¸öÎļþϵͳ
mkfs /dev/hda1 ÔÚhda1·ÖÇø½¨ÉèÒ»¸öÎļþϵͳ mke2fs /dev/hda1 ÔÚhda1·ÖÇø½¨ÉèÒ»¸ölinux ext2µÄÎļþϵͳ mke2fs -j /dev/hda1 ÔÚhda1·ÖÇø½¨ÉèÒ»¸ölinux ext3(ÈÕÖ¾ÐÍ)µÄÎļþϵͳ mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸ö FAT32 Îļþϵͳ fdformat -n /dev/fd0 ÃûÌû¯Ò»¸öÈíÅÌ mkswap /dev/hda3 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸öswapÎļþϵͳ
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19. SWAP Îļþϵͳ
mkswap /dev/hda3 ½¨ÉèÒ»¸öswapÎļþϵͳ swapon /dev/hda3 ÆôÓÃÒ»¸öеÄswapÎļþϵͳ swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3 ÆôÓÃÁ½¸öswap·ÖÇø
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20. ±¸·Ý
dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home ÖÆ×÷Ò»¸ö '/home' Ŀ¼µÄÍêÕû±¸·Ý dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home ÖÆ×÷Ò»¸ö '/home' Ŀ¼µÄ½»»¥Ê½±¸·Ý restore -if /tmp/home0.bak »¹ÔÒ»¸ö½»»¥Ê½±¸·Ý rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp ͬ²½Ë«·½µÄĿ¼ rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp ͨ¹ýSSHͨµÀrsync rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local ͨ¹ýsshºÍѹËõ½«Ò»¸öÔ¶³ÌĿ¼ͬ²½µ½ÍâµØĿ¼ rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public ͨ¹ýsshºÍѹËõ½«ÍâµØĿ¼ͬ²½µ½Ô¶³ÌĿ¼ dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz' ͨ¹ýsshÔÚÔ¶³ÌÖ÷»úÉÏÖ´ÐÐÒ»´Î±¸·ÝÍâµØ´ÅÅ̵IJÙ×÷ dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1 ±¸·Ý´ÅÅÌÄÚÈݵ½Ò»¸öÎļþ tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user Ö´ÐÐÒ»´Î¶Ô '/home/user' Ŀ¼µÄ½»»¥Ê½±¸·Ý²Ù×÷ ( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p' ͨ¹ýsshÔÚÔ¶³ÌĿ¼Öи´ÖÆÒ»¸öĿ¼ÄÚÈÝ ( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p' ͨ¹ýsshÔÚÔ¶³ÌĿ¼Öи´ÖÆÒ»¸öÍâµØĿ¼ tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - ) ÍâµØ½«Ò»¸öĿ¼¸´ÖƵ½ÁíÒ»¸öµØ·½£¬±£´æÔÓÐȨÏÞ¼°Á´½Ó find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents ´ÓÒ»¸öĿ¼²éÕÒ²¢¸´ÖÆËùÓÐÒÔ '.txt' ×îºóµÄÎļþµ½ÁíÒ»¸öĿ¼ find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2 ²éÕÒËùÓÐÒÔ '.log' ×îºóµÄÎļþ²¢×ö³ÉÒ»¸öbzip°ü dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 ×öÒ»¸ö½« MBR (Master Boot Record)ÄÚÈݸ´ÖƵ½ÈíÅ̵ÄÐж¯ dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 ´ÓÒѾÉúÑĵ½ÈíÅ̵ı¸·ÝÖлָ´MBRÄÚÈÝ
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21. ¹âÅÌ
cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force Çå¿ÕÒ»¸ö¿É¸´Ð´µÄ¹âÅÌÄÚÈÝ mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso ÔÚ´ÅÅÌÉϽ¨ÉèÒ»¸ö¹âÅ̵Äiso¾µÏñÎļþ mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz ÔÚ´ÅÅÌÉϽ¨ÉèÒ»¸öѹËõÁ˵ĹâÅÌiso¾µÏñÎļþ mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd ½¨ÉèÒ»¸öĿ¼µÄiso¾µÏñÎļþ cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso ¿Ì¼һ¸öISO¾µÏñÎļþ gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom - ¿Ì¼һ¸öѹËõÁ˵ÄISO¾µÏñÎļþ mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso ¹ÒÔØÒ»¸öISO¾µÏñÎļþ cd-paranoia -B ´ÓÒ»¸öCD¹âÅÌת¼Òô¹ìµ½ wav ÎļþÖÐ cd-paranoia -- "-3" ´ÓÒ»¸öCD¹âÅÌת¼Òô¹ìµ½ wav ÎļþÖУ¨²ÎÊý-3£© cdrecord --scanbus ɨÃè×ÜÏßÒÔʶ±ðscsiͨµÀ dd if=/dev/hdc | md5sum УÑéÒ»¸ö×°±¸µÄmd5sum±àÂ룬ÀýÈçÒ»ÕÅ CD
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22. ÍøÂ磨ÒÔÌ«ÍøºÍ WIFI ÎÞÏߣ©
ifconfig eth0 ÏÔʾһ¸öÒÔÌ«Íø¿¨µÄÉèÖà ifup eth0 ÆôÓÃÒ»¸ö 'eth0' ÍøÂç×°±¸ ifdown eth0 ½ûÓÃÒ»¸ö 'eth0' ÍøÂç×°±¸ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 ¿ØÖÆIPµØµã ifconfig eth0 promisc ÉèÖà 'eth0' ³É»ìÔÓģʽÒÔÐá̽Êý¾Ý°ü (sniffing) dhclient eth0 ÒÔdhcpģʽÆôÓà 'eth0' route -n show routing table route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway configura default gateway route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16' route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway remove static route echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward activate ip routing hostname show hostname of system host www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa(1) nslookup www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa(2) ip link show show link status of all interfaces mii-tool eth0 show link status of 'eth0' ethtool eth0 show statistics of network card 'eth0' netstat -tup show all active network connections and their PID netstat -tupl show all network services listening on the system and their PID tcpdump tcp port 80 show all HTTP traffic iwlist scan show wireless networks iwconfig eth1 show configuration of a wireless network card hostname show hostname host www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa nslookup www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa whois www.example.com lookup on Whois database
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23. ÁгöĿ¼ÄÚÈÝ
ls -a£ºÏÔʾËùÓÐÎļþ£¨°üÀ¨Òþ²ØÎļþ£©£» ls -l£ºÏÔʾÏêϸÐÅÏ¢£» ls -R£ºµÝ¹éÏÔʾ×ÓĿ¼½á¹¹£» ls -ld£ºÏÔʾĿ¼ºÍÁ´½ÓÐÅÏ¢£» ctrl+r£ºÀúÊ·¼Í¼ÖÐËùËÑÏÂÁÊäÈëÏÂÁîÖеÄí§ÒâÒ»¸ö×Ö·û£©£» LinuxÖÐÒÔ.¿ªÍ·µÄÎļþÊÇÒþ²ØÎļþ£» pwd:ÏÔʾĿ½ñĿ¼
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24. Éó²éÎļþµÄÀàÐÍ
file:Éó²éÎļþµÄÀàÐÍ
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